R Syntax A gentle introduction to R expressions, variables, and functions Vectors Grouping values into vectors, then doing arithmetic and graphs with them. Data Compression Explained. Matt Mahoney. Copyright C 20102012, Dell, Inc. You are permitted to copy and distribute material from this book provided 1 any. CC signal handling C and C signal handling and C signal classes and examples. The Complete C Programming Bonus Bundle C Programming is a Software Development Staple. Master it in 84 Hours of Specially Curated Instruction. Learn Haskell Fast and Hardtl dr A very short and dense tutorial for learning Haskell. Thanks to Table of Content. I really believe all developers should learn Haskell. I dont think everyone needs to be super Haskell ninjas, but they should at least discover what Haskell has to offer. Learning Haskell opens your mind. Mainstream languages share the same foundations variablesloopspointers. Haskell is very different. The language uses a lot of concepts I had never heard about before. Many of those concepts will help you become a better programmer. But learning Haskell can be hard. It was for me. In this article I try to provide what I lacked during my learning. This article will certainly be hard to follow. This is on purpose. There is no shortcut to learning Haskell. It is hard and challenging. But I believe this is a good thing. It is because it is hard that Haskell is interesting. The conventional method to learning Haskell is to read two books. First Learn You a Haskell and just after Real World Haskell. I also believe this is the right way to go. But to learn what Haskell is all about, youll have to read them in detail. In contrast, this article is a very brief and dense overview of all major aspects of Haskell. I also added some information I lacked while I learned Haskell. The article contains five parts Introduction a short example to show Haskell can be friendly. Basic Haskell Haskell syntax, and some essential notions. Hard Difficulty Part. Functional style a progressive example, from imperative to functional style. Types types and a standard binary tree example. Infinite Structure manipulate an infinite binary tree Hell Difficulty Part. Deal with IO A very minimal example. IO trick explained the hidden detail I lacked to understand IOMonads incredible how we can generalize. C Quick Guide Learn C programming in simple and easy steps starting from basic to advanced concepts with examples including C Overview, language basics, Environment. The main purpose of this page is for people who already know the some assembly and C to see why it is often very beneficial to use a direct assembly. Appendix. More on infinite tree a more math oriented discussion about infinite trees. Note Each time you see a separator with a filename ending in. If you save the file as filename. Some might not work, but most will. You should see a link just below. C Program For Arithmetic Coding TutorialsIntroduction0. There are different way to install Haskell, I would recommend to use stack. There are other way to install Haskell on your system you could visit, you can learn more about it by visiting haskell. C Program For Arithmetic Coding Tutorial PdfTools ghc Compiler similar to gcc for C. Interactive Haskell REPLrunhaskell Execute a program without compiling it. Convenient but very slow compared to compiled programs. Dont be afraid. Many booksarticles about Haskell start by introducing some esoteric formula quick sort, Fibonacci, etc. I will do the exact opposite. At first I wont show you any Haskell super power. I will start with similarities between Haskell and other programming languages. Lets jump to the mandatory Hello World. Str. Ln Hello WorldTo run it, you can save this code in a hello. Hello World or if you use stack first run stack setup and then stack runhaskell. Hello World You could also download the literate Haskell source. You should see a link just above the introduction title. Download this file as 0. Hello World 0. 1basic1. Introduction0. 0helloworld. Introduction1. 0helloyou. Now, a program asking your name and replying Hello using the name you entered main do. What is your name. Line. print Hello name First, let us compare this with similar programs in a few imperative languages PythonprintWhat is your name. Hello s name Ruby. What is your name. Hello name In Cinclude lt stdio. An Evil Number What if my name is more than 6. What is your namen. Hello sn, name. The structure is the same, but there are some syntax differences. The main part of this tutorial will be dedicated to explaining why. Opc Toolbox Matlab. In Haskell there is a main function and every object has a type. The type of main is IO. This means main will cause side effects. Just remember that Haskell can look a lot like mainstream imperative languages. Introduction1. 0helloyou. Introduction2. 0verybasic. Very basic Haskell. Before continuing you need to be warned about some essential properties of Haskell. Functional. Haskell is a functional language. If you have an imperative language background, youll have to learn a lot of new things. Hopefully many of these new concepts will help you to program even in imperative languages. Smart Static Typing. Instead of being in your way like in C, C or Java, the type system is here to help you. Purity. Generally your functions wont modify anything in the outside world. This means they cant modify the value of a variable, cant get user input, cant write on the screen, cant launch a missile. On the other hand, parallelism will be very easy to achieve. Haskell makes it clear where effects occur and where your code is pure. Also, it will be far easier to reason about your program. Most bugs will be prevented in the pure parts of your program. Furthermore, pure functions follow a fundamental law in Haskell Applying a function with the same parameters always returns the same value. Laziness. Laziness by default is a very uncommon language design. By default, Haskell evaluates something only when it is needed. In consequence, it provides a very elegant way to manipulate infinite structures, for example. A last warning about how you should read Haskell code. For me, it is like reading scientific papers. Some parts are very clear, but when you see a formula, just focus and read slower. Also, while learning Haskell, it really doesnt matter much if you dont understand syntax details. If you meet a, lt, lt or any other weird symbol, just ignore them and follows the flow of the code. Function declaration. You might be used to declaring functions like this In C int fint x, int y. In Java. Script functionfx,y return xx y in Python def fx,y. Ruby In Scheme definef x y. Finally, the Haskell way is Very clean. No parenthesis, no def. Dont forget, Haskell uses functions and types a lot. It is thus very easy to define them. The syntax was particularly well thought out for these objects. Although it is not mandatory, type information for functions is usually made explicit. Its not mandatory because the compiler is smart enough to discover it for you. Its a good idea because it indicates intent and understanding. Lets play a little. We declare the type using f Int Int Int. Introduction2. 0verybasic. Introduction2. 1verybasic. Now tryf Int Int Int. You should get this error 2. No instance for Fractional Int. Possible fix add an instance declaration for Fractional Int. In the second argument of f, namely 4. In the first argument of print, namely f 2. In the expression print f 2. The problem 4. 2 isnt an Int. Introduction2. 1verybasic. Introduction2. 2verybasic. The solution dont declare a type for f for the moment and let Haskell infer the most general type for us f x y x y. It works Luckily, we dont have to declare a new function for every single type. For example, in C, youll have to declare a function for int, for float, for long, for double, etcBut, what type should we declare To discover the type Haskell has found for us, just launch ghci. GHCi, version 7. 0. Loading package ghc prim. Loading package integer gmp. Loading package base. Loading package ffi 1. Prelude let f x y x y. Prelude type f. Num a a a a. Uh What is this strange type Num a a a a. The Complete C Programming Bonus Bundle. Huw Collingbourne is the technology director at Sapphire. Steel Software, developers of the Sapphire Ruby IDE for Visual Studio and the Amethyst IDE for the Adobe Flash Platform. He is author of The Book Of Ruby from No Starch Press. He runs Bitwise Courses and teaches courses on a range of programming topics. Huw has been a programmer for more than 3. He is a well known technology writer in the UK. For over ten years he wrote the Delphi and Java programming column for PC Plus Magazine. He has also written numerous opinion and programming columns including tutorials on C, Smalltalk, Action. Script and Ruby for a number of computer magazines, such as Computer Shopper, Flash Flex Developers Magazine, PC Pro, and PC Plus. He is the author of the free ebook The Little Book of Ruby and is the editor of the online computing magazine Bitwise. In the 1. 98. 0s he was a pop music journalist and interviewed most of the New Romantic stars, such as Duran Duran, Spandau Ballet, Adam Ant, Boy George, and Depeche Mode. He is now writing a series of New Romantic murder mysteries. At various times Huw has been a magazine publisher, editor, and TV broadcaster. He has an MA in English from the University of Cambridge and holds a 2nd dan black belt in aikido, a martial art which he teaches in North Devon, UK. The aikido comes in useful when trying usually unsuccessfully to keep his Pyrenean Mountain Dogs under some semblance of control.